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The Linux kernel can be viewed as a kind of ultimate shell code, since it is "injected" on a raw machine (which only has the BIOS code at that point) and then provides a lot of functionality. That kernel is written in C. If you write shell code in C or C++, you will run into trouble with library calls and linking, which are two facets of the same issue. ...

It is perfectly valid to write shellcode in any language that gets compiled down to machine code instructions. Provided no external libraries that are not linked by the victim program are required for its operation. However, it is almost never the case that directly compiled code (even from just C) is a valid, injectable shellcode. The most common reason ...