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A CA must indeed publish CRL regularly, and if the CA is offline, then human intervention is needed. Each CRL has an issuance date (thisUpdate) and a provisional date of next publication (nextUpdate) which everybody uses as an end-of-validity date for the CRL. The next CRL must be published before reaching the nextUpdate date of the current CRL; otherwise, ...


3

There are two generic points which must be made: PKI is for authentication, not for authorization. "Certificates", be they X.509 or OpenPGP "key signing" (same concept, different format), are meant to bind identities to public keys; they convey the information "Bob's public key is X". Certificates don't work well to manage authorization-like information ...


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Some operating systems, including Windows, want to enforce verifications of signatures of DLL. The verification entails validating the signature against the signer's public key, which is found in the signer's certificate, which itself needs to be validated. Certificate validation includes revocation status check. In practice, a Windows OS validating a ...



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