In most cases another user cannot read your environment variables. However, the well known security hole that an instance of a setuid program runs as the same user as any other instance of a setuid program can be exploited. This means that if someone runs a setuid program and someone else can exploit another program that is setuid to the same user to read from /proc/<pid>/environ
then they can read the program's environment variables. This is one reason why you should use a new user for any daemon you write instead of abusing the nobody user.