How do macOS Touch ID and Windows Hello work securely with fingerprints in place of passwords?

As an example, macOS has been successfully using fingerprint authentication as a secure method for unlocking laptops, authorizing purchases, and even granting access to key vaults (e.g. 1Password).

This is in stark contrast to a Framework / Linux where fprintd's security model which does not consider a fingerprint to be a secure enough means of authentication due to complications in trusting the fingerprint reader hardware.

How do other OS's pull this off?